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personer:otto_liman_von_sanders [2007/03/17 10:17] – farallon | personer:otto_liman_von_sanders [2010/01/12 22:34] (nuværende) – ekstern redigering 127.0.0.1 | ||
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+ | [[Generalløjtnant]] **Otto Liman von Sanders** ([[jernbaner: | ||
+ | [[Generalleutnant]] ''' | ||
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+ | He was born in [[Stolp]] in [[Pomerania]]. His father was a Prussian nobleman and estate owner of Jewish descent.< | ||
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+ | Why, after seventy-five years of reform, was the Ottoman army still inferior to the European armies? The problem was not in the German training, but in the failure of the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] military to successfully juxtapose Turkish oriental habits with strict European methods. The upper class of Ottoman princes and nobility who made up the officers were the biggest problem, but infighting and abuse among the [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]]s were also a substantial problem. Furthermore, | ||
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+ | Initially Liman formed a very low opinion of the Ottoman army and its political leadership. In July 1914 (with the war about to start), [[Enver Pasha]] offered an alliance, of a sort, with Germany. The German ambassador in [[İstanbul|Istanbul]], | ||
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+ | When the Ottoman forces finally entered the war (after trying to avoid open conflict with the Alliance for two months), Enver Pasha showed Liman his grand scheme to destroy the [[Russia]]n army defending [[Kars]]. Liman tried to dissuade Enver from implementing the plan, but his advice was ignored and Enver Pasha personally lead the Ottoman army into its worst defeat of [[World War I]] at the [[Battle of Sarikamis]]. [[Djemal Pasha]] was given the task of attacking the [[Suez Canal]]; his personal military advisor was the German [[Kress von Kressenstein]]. The attack on the Suez also failed, although without enormous losses. | ||
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+ | A shaken Enver Pasha returned to Istanbul and took command of the Ottoman army in the area around the capital. However immediately after a huge [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[France|French]] fleet destroyed the Ottoman forts along the [[Dardanelles]] ([[18 March]] [[1915]]), Enver turned over command to Liman von Sanders. Defending the Ottoman government was now in the hands of the German general. | ||
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+ | {{main|Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_Campaign}} | ||
+ | {{main|Battle_of_Gallipoli}} | ||
+ | Liman had little time to organize the defences, but he had two things in his favor. | ||
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+ | From April to November 1915 (when the decision to evacuate was made), Liman had to fight off numerous attacks against his defensive positions. The British tried another landing at [[Suvla Bay]], but this also was halted by the Ottoman defenders. The only bright spot for the British in this entire operation was that they managed to evacuate their positions without much loss. However, this battle was a major victory for the Ottoman army and some of the credit is given to the generalship of Liman von Sanders. | ||
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+ | Early in 1915, the previous head of the German military mission to the Ottoman Empire, Baron von der Goltz arrived in Istanbul as military advisor to the (essentially powerless) [[Sultan]], [[Mehmed V]]. The old Baron did not get along with Liman von Sanders and did not like the three Pashas (Enver, Djemal and [[Mehmed Talat Pasha|Talat]]) who ran the Ottoman Empire during the war. The Baron proposed some major offensives against the British, but these proposals came to nothing in the face of Allied offensives against the Ottomans on three fronts (the Dardanelles, | ||
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+ | In 1918, the last year of the war, Liman von Sanders took over command of the Ottoman army in [[Palestine]], | ||
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+ | {{main|Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign}} | ||
+ | Liman was hampered by the significant decline in power of the Ottoman army. His forces were unable to do anything more than occupy defensive positions and wait for the British attack. The attack was a long time in coming, but when General Allenby finally unleashed his army, the entire Ottoman army was destroyed in a week of fighting (see the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]]). In the rout, Liman was nearly captured by British soldiers. | ||
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+ | After the war ended he was arrested in [[Malta]] in February 1919 on charges of having committed war crimes, but he was released six months later. He retired from the German army that year. | ||
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+ | In 1927 he published a book he had written in captivity in Malta about his experiences before and during the war (there is an English translation< | ||
+ | == References == | ||
+ | < | ||
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+ | == External links == | ||
+ | * [http:// | ||
+ | *[http:// | ||
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+ | ==See also== | ||
+ | [[personer: |